Top 8 Questions to Ask Before Drilling a Water Well
Drilling a water well is a big decision that requires careful planning. Before you start, here are 8 essential questions to guide you:
-
How much water do you need?
Calculate daily and peak water usage for your household, farm, or business. -
What permits are required?
Check local and state regulations for well construction, water quality, and zoning. -
Where should the well be placed?
Choose a location that avoids contamination risks and follows setback rules. -
Is the groundwater safe?
Test for bacteria, nitrates, heavy metals, and other contaminants before drilling. -
What type of well suits your needs?
Options include shallow, driven, or deep wells, each with different costs and benefits. -
What will it cost?
Drilling costs range from $3,000 to $9,000, depending on depth, materials, and location. -
How to choose a drilling company?
Hire licensed, insured professionals with strong local experience and references. -
How to maintain your well?
Schedule annual inspections, test water quality, and keep the area clean to ensure long-term reliability.
Quick Overview of Well Types and Costs
| Well Type | Typical Depth | Cost Range | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shallow (Dug) | 25–50 feet | $1,500–$2,500 | High water table areas |
| Driven | <50 feet | $1,500–$3,000 | Sandy soil regions |
| Drilled (Deep) | 100–500 feet | $5,000–$25,000 | Most locations with cleaner water |
Drilling a Well | Process Explained & Cost Breakdown
1. How Much Water Do You Need?
Before drilling a well, it's essential to figure out how much water your household uses daily. On average, an American household consumes 100 to 120 gallons per person each day. For a family of four, that typically adds up to 200–400 gallons per day.
To get a clearer picture, consider how water is used in your home. Here's a quick look at typical household water consumption:
| Appliance/Fixture | Daily Water Usage |
|---|---|
| Kitchen sink | 3 gallons/minute |
| Shower/tub | 5 gallons/minute |
| Low-flush toilet | 1.6 gallons/flush |
| Front-loading washer | 27 gallons/load |
| Dishwasher (efficient) | 4.5 gallons/load |
| Water softener | 50–100 gallons/cycle |
If you're using water for agriculture, the needs will depend on the type of livestock:
- Dairy cows: 35 gallons/animal
- Horses or beef cattle: 12 gallons/animal
- Sheep/goats: 2 gallons/animal
- Poultry: 9 gallons per 100 chickens
Why Peak Usage Is Critical
While daily totals are important, peak demand matters even more. Your water system should handle your entire day's water needs within a 2-hour peak demand period. For most single-family homes, the recommended flow rate is at least 6 gallons per minute.
For larger operations, here are some flow rate recommendations from the Midwest Plan Service:
- 2,000 gallons daily: 16 GPM
- 6,000 gallons daily: 36 GPM
- 10,000 gallons daily: 48 GPM
Planning for Future Water Needs
When estimating water requirements, think long-term. Water demand can increase over time, so it's smart to plan for 150–300 gallons per day for a household of two to four people.
Once you've calculated your water needs, the next step is to look into the necessary permits for drilling your well.
2. What Permits Do You Need?
Before starting any drilling project, obtaining the right permits is a must. Each state has its own rules designed to ensure compliance with the law and safeguard groundwater.
State-Level Requirements
Reach out to your State Water Resources Department for construction permits, your Local Health Department for water quality requirements, and your County Planning Office for zoning regulations.
Distance and Setback Rules
Local authorities often set minimum distances between wells and potential contamination sources like septic tanks or chemical storage. Contact your local permitting office for specific guidelines.
Required Documentation
Be sure to keep these key documents handy:
- Well construction permit
- Drilling company's license and proof of insurance
- Well construction log
- Results from water quality tests
- Property surveys showing the well's location
Expert Advice
It's a good idea to consult with your state geological survey or your local USGS Water Science Center. They can provide insights on geology, hydrology, well depths, pumping rates, and any additional guidelines.
Where to Start Your Research
For more information, check with the following resources:
- State Department of Natural Resources
- Local Health Department
- County Planning Office
- USGS Water Science Center
- State Geological Survey
Once you’ve secured the necessary permits, you’ll be ready to determine the ideal location for your well.
3. Where to Place Your Well
Choosing the right spot for your water well is crucial for ensuring a safe and reliable water supply. Several factors play a role in determining the best location.
Elevation and Topography
Position your well on higher ground to reduce the risk of contaminated runoff. Avoid low-lying areas prone to flooding.
Safe Distance Requirements
Maintaining proper distances from potential contamination sources is essential for protecting water quality. Follow these minimum guidelines:
| Contamination Source | Minimum Distance |
|---|---|
| Septic Tanks | 50 feet |
| Fuel Storage | 100 feet |
| Property Lines | 25 feet |
| Pesticide Application Sites | 100 feet |
Soil Considerations
The type of soil around your well matters. Fine soils are better at filtering contaminants than coarse soils. If your property has coarse soil, consider increasing the distance between the well and contamination sources.
Site Assessment Steps
Start by sketching your property, marking structures, potential contamination sources, utility lines, and ground slopes. Create a 50-foot protective radius around your proposed well site to keep harmful materials out.
Once you’ve mapped everything, consult a professional well driller to confirm your findings and ensure the location is suitable.
Professional Guidance
"Selecting the proper well location is crucial for a sustainable, high-quality water supply." – GeoWater Services, LLC
A professional well driller can provide insights into local geology, soil composition, groundwater flow, and any potential drilling challenges. They'll also ensure the site is accessible for maintenance equipment.
Groundwater Movement and Flooding
Groundwater moves slowly, and contamination can be expensive to address. To avoid future issues, steer clear of areas prone to flooding.
4. Is Your Groundwater Good?
Before drilling a well, evaluating your groundwater quality is crucial to avoid health risks and expensive treatments.
Water Testing Basics
The National Ground Water Association advises annual well water testing by certified professionals to ensure it’s safe to use. Here’s a breakdown of common tests:
| Test Type | Frequency | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Basic Safety Tests | Annually | Checks for bacteria, nitrates, pH, and total dissolved solids |
| Heavy Metals | Every 5–10 years | Screens for arsenic, uranium, and mercury |
| Local Contaminants | As needed | Targets region-specific pollutants |
Keep an eye on your test results. Even small changes can signal developing water quality issues.
Signs of Water Problems
Beyond regular testing, watch for these warning signs that may point to contamination:
- Unusual Odors: A smell like "rotten eggs" often means hydrogen sulfide gas is present.
- Cloudy or Discolored Water: Water that appears cloudy, tan, or rust-colored may need filtration.
- Bad Taste: Total dissolved solids (TDS) over 1,000 mg/L can affect taste; above 2,000 mg/L, the water becomes undrinkable.
- Mineral Build-Up: Hard water, rich in calcium and magnesium, causes soap scum and scaling.
Getting Your Water Tested
Reach out to a state-certified drinking water lab for precise results. These labs provide sampling containers, step-by-step instructions, and a detailed report on contaminants.
"Does my well water need treatment? The question is not one you can answer if you have not had your water tested recently." - Gary L. Hix, R.G., CWD/PI
When to Test More Often
Certain situations call for immediate retesting:
- Changes in taste, smell, or appearance
- Damage to well components
- Flooding in your area
- Septic system issues
- Frequent gastrointestinal illnesses in the household
- A new baby in the home
Local Assistance
Many counties provide free well water testing services. Check with your state’s environmental health department for:
- Certified testing lab directories
- Local water quality standards
- Regional contamination alerts
- Area-specific testing advice
Since nearly half of Americans (47%) rely on groundwater for drinking, regular testing is key to maintaining a safe supply. Knowing your groundwater quality empowers you to make informed decisions about your well system.
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5. Which Well Type Fits Your Needs?
Choosing the right type of well depends on your site's conditions and your water needs. Here's a breakdown of the most common well types and their features.
Well Types and Features
| Well Type | Typical Depth | Cost Range | Best For | Key Considerations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shallow (Dug) | 25–50 feet | $1,500–$2,500 | Areas with a high water table | Affordable and easy to maintain but more vulnerable to contamination. |
| Driven | Less than 50 feet | $1,500–$3,000 | Sandy soil regions | Quick to install; works best in permeable, sandy soils. |
| Drilled (Deep) | 100–500 feet | $5,000–$25,000 | Most locations | Provides cleaner water with natural filtration and less risk of contamination. |
| Small-Diameter | Varies with depth | Varies with depth | Long-term solutions | Reliable due to high-quality materials and access to deeper aquifers. |
Each type has its pros and cons. The best choice depends on factors like water quality, reliability, and maintenance needs.
Key Factors to Consider
-
Water Quality
Deep wells are often the best choice for cleaner water since they benefit from natural soil filtration and have less exposure to surface contaminants. -
Reliability
Small-diameter wells stand out for their durability. They tap into deeper aquifers and use stainless steel screens, making them less affected by rainfall or surface conditions. -
Maintenance Requirements
Regular upkeep is essential. Submersible pumps, for instance, can last up to 15 years if properly maintained. Monitoring water quality and scheduling routine maintenance can extend the life of your well pump.
Deep wells, while more expensive upfront, often save money in the long run by providing better protection against contamination and drought.
"The lifespan of a well pump typically ranges from 8 to 15 years, with maintenance, water quality, and the type of pump being critical determinants."
– Wragg Brothers Well Drilling
Local Factors to Keep in Mind
Your property's geology, soil conditions, water table depth, and any nearby contamination sources play a big role in choosing the right well. Local regulations and property layout are also important. Matching your well to these conditions ensures a reliable and long-lasting water supply.
6. What Will It Cost?
The cost of drilling a well depends on your site's specific characteristics and the type of well you choose. On average, well drilling costs around $5,500, but prices can range from $3,000 to $9,000 depending on various factors.
Base Drilling Costs
The cost per foot varies by state and ground conditions:
| State | Cost Per Foot |
|---|---|
| California | $30–$70 |
| Texas | $28–$62 |
| Florida | $26–$58 |
| New York | $30–$70 |
Well Components and Materials
Here are some of the main components and their associated costs:
- Well Pump: $900 to $2,500
- Pressure Tank: $300 to $500
- Casing Materials:
- PVC: $6 to $10 per foot
- Stainless Steel: $30 to $130 per foot
Depth Cost Comparison
The depth of the well significantly impacts costs, especially when considering casing materials:
| Depth (Feet) | 4-Inch PVC Casing | 6-Inch Steel Casing |
|---|---|---|
| 100 | $3,550 | $6,120 |
| 200 | $7,100 | $12,240 |
| 300 | $10,650 | $18,360 |
Testing and Permit Costs
- Permits: $200–$500
- Professional Water Tests: $50–$600
- DIY Testing Kits: Around $100
"Get your well water sampled at a lab every year. You always want to know what is in your water and how good it is." - Constantin Geambasu, Owner of Water Rehab
Ongoing Maintenance Costs
Maintaining a well involves recurring expenses:
- Annual Maintenance: $200–$900
- Regular Inspections: $250–$550
- Electricity for Pump Operation: $100–$400 per year
Additional Considerations
Several other factors can impact costs:
- Distance to Home: Electrical lines cost $50 to $150 per foot, plus $160 to $500 for labor.
- Water Quality: Purification systems range between $1,000 and $15,000, with installation adding $200 to $400.
- Ground Conditions: Difficult terrain, like rocky areas, can increase drilling costs.
While deeper wells are more expensive to drill, they often provide better water quality and lower long-term maintenance expenses.
7. How to Pick a Drilling Company
Choosing the right drilling company is key to ensuring a successful well installation. Beyond comparing costs, selecting a qualified professional helps protect your investment.
Verify Licenses and Certifications
Make sure the driller is licensed and certified. The National Ground Water Association (NGWA) provides voluntary certifications that indicate expertise. Check your state’s licensing requirements, as many states mandate licenses for well drillers.
For Texas, you can confirm credentials through the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR) database. Select "Water Well Drillers, Pump Installers" from the license type menu to verify.
Evaluate Experience and Track Record
When reviewing a company's qualifications, focus on the following:
| Assessment Area | What to Check |
|---|---|
| Past Projects | Recent local installations |
| Safety Records | OSHA compliance and emergency protocols |
| Equipment | Maintenance schedules and use of up-to-date technology |
| Local Knowledge | Familiarity with local geology and regulations |
A company with verified credentials and a strong track record should also demonstrate adherence to industry safety standards.
Safety and Insurance Requirements
Look for companies that prioritize safety. This includes documented safety training, emergency response plans, and regularly maintained equipment. Ensure the driller has full liability insurance and workers' compensation coverage.
Questions to Ask Potential Drillers
When interviewing prospective drillers, consider asking:
- Compliance: Are they familiar with local Groundwater Conservation District (GCD) policies?
- Timeline: Can they provide a detailed project schedule with estimated completion dates?
- Documentation: Will they supply all necessary permits and well documentation?
- References: Can they share contact details of recent clients in your area?
Red Flags to Watch For
Be wary of any company that:
- Can’t provide up-to-date license documentation
- Refuses to share references
- Offers prices that seem unusually low
- Lacks knowledge of local regulations
- Fails to provide proof of insurance
"The Texas Groundwater Protection Committee recommends that citizens use professional, licensed water well drillers and pump installers for constructing and maintaining a well."
Insurance and Warranties
Protect your investment by confirming the company has liability insurance and workers' compensation. Also, ensure they provide written warranties for parts and labor. This added layer of security can save you from unexpected costs down the line.
8. How to Keep Your Well Running
Keeping your well in good shape ensures clean, reliable water and helps you avoid expensive repairs. Regular maintenance builds on earlier water quality and system checks, safeguarding your investment. Start with a thorough yearly inspection to set the foundation for proper care.
Annual Well Inspections
Have a licensed professional inspect your well every year. A detailed inspection typically includes the following:
| Component | Purpose | Key Checks |
|---|---|---|
| Flow Test | Assess performance | Water output and pressure levels |
| Visual Inspection | Check system integrity | Wellhead, casing, and surrounding area |
| Water Quality Test | Ensure safety | Bacteria, nitrates, and contaminants |
| Equipment Check | Evaluate system health | Pumps, wiring, pipes, and connections |
| Electrical Testing | Confirm safety & efficiency | Electrical components and connections |
Key Maintenance Tasks
- Keep the area around the well clean and accessible.
- Ensure the ground slopes away from the well to prevent runoff.
- Test your well water at least once a year.
Warning Signs to Watch For
Even with regular maintenance, pay attention to these potential issues:
| Warning Sign | Possible Cause | What to Do |
|---|---|---|
| No Water Flow | Pump failure or major leak | Call a professional. Pump replacement costs range from $975–$2,750. |
| Poor Pressure | Pressure tank issues or low water level | Get a professional evaluation. |
| Dirty Water | Filter or pump problems | Test water quality and seek expert help. |
| Unusual Sounds | Pressure tank bladder issue | Check the pressure switch; repairs cost around $30. |
Preventive Maintenance Tips
- Keep livestock, kennels, and similar areas at least 50 feet from the well.
- Store chemicals, fertilizers, and motor oil far from the well area.
- Regularly inspect above-ground equipment for leaks, rust, or cooling problems.
- Maintain detailed records of maintenance and equipment manuals.
"Small problems can often be identified by performing maintenance before they become costly, inconvenient situations."
Monitoring Water Quality
Test your well water in these situations:
- After system repairs.
- If you notice changes in taste, odor, or appearance.
- Following flooding or similar events.
Keep a log of all test results and maintenance activities to track changes and address issues quickly.
Professional Maintenance Schedule
Work with your well contractor to create a maintenance plan that includes:
- Annual professional inspections.
- Routine water quality testing.
- System performance evaluations.
- Preventive maintenance tasks.
- Detailed maintenance records.
Sticking to an organized schedule helps ensure your well operates at its best.
Conclusion
Planning a water well requires careful preparation to ensure a reliable and long-lasting water supply. Addressing these eight key questions can help you avoid expensive mistakes and secure access to clean water for years to come.
Understand your water requirements, obtain necessary permits, and determine the best location.
Once these basics are covered, working with experts becomes crucial.
Collaborate with qualified professionals every step of the way:
- Hire experienced consultants for detailed site evaluations and reports
- Use the right drilling methods and well development techniques
- Select durable, high-quality materials to extend the well's lifespan
These steps create a strong foundation for a successful well-drilling project.
Accurate site analysis, quality materials, licensed professionals, and a proper maintenance plan are essential for long-term success.
"Successful well drilling is dependent upon proper planning from the very outset" - Richard Lane, Drift Services Group
"Drilling a water well requires careful planning, expertise, and adherence to best practices to ensure a successful and sustainable water supply is secured"
Reach out to your state’s water resources department for details on licensed drillers, permits, construction standards, testing, and maintenance guidelines.
Answer these eight questions to protect your investment and secure a dependable water source for years to come.
